Autisme?

Autisme?
Here are some information related to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or generally known as autism taken from my paper three years ago. Semoga bermanfaat!
A. Pengertian Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Gangguan ASD merupakan kumpulan gejala gangguan perilaku yang bervariasi pada setiap anak. Gangguan perilaku dapat berupa kurangnya interaksi sosial, kesulitan dalam mengembangkan bahasa, dan pengulangan tingkah laku. Gangguan perkembangan yang dialami dapat berubah sejalan dengan waktu (American Psychiatric Association 1994, Volkmar, Lord, Barley, Schultz & Klin dalam Mash & Wolve 2005). Gangguan ASD merupakan gangguan neurobiologis yang menetap. Gejalanya tampak pada gangguan bidang komunikasi, interaksi dan perilaku. Walaupun gangguan neurobiologis tidak bisa diobati, tetapi gejala – gejalanya bisa dihilangkan atau dikurangi, sampai awam tidak lagi bisa membedakan antara anak penyandang ASD dan bukan ASD. Semakin dini terdiagnosis dan terintervensi, semakin besar kesempatan untuk bisa hidup normal dan mandiri (http://infoautis.blogspot.com/).
1. Gangguan ASD Berbeda dengan,
a. Retardasi Mental: Keterampilan sosial dan komunikasi verbal atau non verbal sesuai dengan usia mental mereka. Tes intelegensi biasanya menunjukkan suatu penurunan yang menyeluruh pada berbagai tes. Berbeda dengan anak penyandang ASD yang hasil tesnya tidak menunjukan hasil yang rata-rata. Kebanyakan anak dengan taraf retardasi yang berat dan usia mental yang sangat rendah menunjukan tanda-tanda gangguan ASD.
b. Skizofrenia: kebanyakan anak dengan skizofrenia secara umum tampak normal pada saat bayi sampai usia 2-3 tahun, dan baru kemudian muncul halusinasi, gejala yang tidak terdapat pada gangguan ASD.
c. Gangguan perkembangan berbahasa: gangguan pemahaman dalam mengekspresikan pembicaraan, namun komunikasi non-verbalnya baik, dengan memakai gerakan tubuh dan ekspresi wajah. Tapi tidak ditemukanya stereotip dan gangguan interaksi sosial yang berat.
d. Gangguan penglihatan dan pendengaran: mereka yang buta dan tuli tidak bereaksi terhadap rangsang lingkungan sampai gangguanya terdeteksi dan memakai alat khusus untuk mengoreksi kelainannya.
e. Gangguan kelekatan yang rekatif: Gangguan dalam hubungan sosial pada anak dikarenakan pengasuhan yang buruk (www.ditpib.or.id).

B. Diagnosis Gangguan ASD
Diagnosis gangguan ASD tidak memerlukan pemeriksaan yang canggih seperti brain-mapping, CT-Scan, MRI, dan lain sebagaianya. Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO) telah merumuskan suatu kriteria yang harus terpenuhi untuk dapat melaksanakan diagnosis gangguan ASD. Rumusan ini dipakai diseluruh dunia, dan dikenal dengan sebutan International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) 1993.
Rumusan diagnostik lain yang juga dipakai diseluruh dunia untuk menjadi panduan diagnosis adalah disebut Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) 1994, yang dibuat oleh grup psikiatri dari Amerika. Isi ICD-10 maupun DSM-IV sebenarnya intinya sama (Maulana 2007). DSM-IV merupakan categorical classification yang membagi gangguan-gangguan mental menjadi beberapa tipe berdasarkan kriteria-kriteria yang telah ditetapkan (American Psychiatric Association 1994).
Pembahasan mengenai DSM-IV untuk gangguan ASD adalah sebagai berikut.
1. Harus ada sedikitnya enam gejala dari (a), (b), dan (c), dengan minimal dua dari gejala (a) dan masing-masing satu gejala dari (b) dan (c).
a. Gangguan kualitatif dalam interaksi sosial yang timbal balik. Minimal harus ada 2 gejala dari gejala berikut.
1) Tidak mampu menjalin interaksi sosial yang cukup memadai, kontak mata sangat kurang, ekspresi wajah kurang hidup, gerak-gerik yng kurang terfokus,
2) Kurang respon terhadap permintaan secara verbal, tidak bisa bermain dengan teman sebaya,
3) Tidak dapat merasakan apa yang dirasakan orang lain,
4) Kurangnya hubungan sosial dan emosional yang timbal balik.
b. Gangguan kualitatif dalam bidang komunikasi seperti ditunjukan oleh minimal satu dari gejala-gejala berikut.
1) Bicara terlambat atau sama sekali tidak berkembang ( tidak ada usaha mengimbangi komunikasi dengan cara lain tanpa bicara),
2) Bila bisa bicara, bicaranya tidak dipakai untuk komunikasi,
3) Sering menggunakan bahasa yang aneh atau diulang-ulang,
4) Cara bermain kurang variatif, kurang imajinatif, dan kurang bisa meniru.
c. Suatu pola yang dipertahankan dan diulang-ulang dalam perilaku, minat, dan kegiatan. Setidaknya harus ada satu dari gejala berikut.
1) Mempertahankan satu minat atau lebih, dengan cara yang sangat khas dan berlebih-lebihan,
2) Terpaku pada suatu kegiatan yang ritualistik atau rutinitas yang tidak ada gunanya,
3) Ada gerakan-gerakan yang aneh, khas dan diulang-ulang,
4) Sering terpukau pada bagian-bagian benda (Rita & Allen 2003, Mash & Wolve 2005).
2. Sebelum umur 3 tahun tampak adanya keterlambatan atau gangguan dalam bidang:
a. Interaksi sosial,
b. Bicara dengan berbahasa,
c. Cara bermain yang kurang variatif.
3. Bukan disebabkan oleh Sindroma Rett, gangguan disintregasi pada masa kanak-kanak.
Gejala-gejala tersebut sudah harus tampak dengan jelas sebelum anak mencapai umur tiga tahun. Pada sebagian besar anak, sebenarnya gejala ini sudah tampak sejak lahir. Sebagian kecil anak sudah sempat berkembang secara normal, namun sebelum umur tiga tahun terjadi perhentian perkembangan dan kemudian timbul gejala-gejala gangguan ASD yang lain (American Psychiatric Association 1994, Maulana 2007).

C. Faktor-faktor penyebab terjadinya gangguan ASD
Sampai saat ini penyebab yang pasti dari gangguan ASD belum diketahui dengan pasti. Beberapa faktor yang diduga menjadi penyebab gangguan ASD antara lain teori psikologi, teori biologis mencakup faktor genetik dan neurologi (Davison, Neale 1996), teori jiwa (Bron-cohen, Leslie & frith 1985 dalam Alloy, Acocella, & Bootzin 1996), teori behavior, teori psikoanalisis (Davison, Neale, Kring 2002).
D. Intervensi Dini Penanganan terhadap Gangguan ASD
Penanganan untuk anak-anak dengan gangguan ASD biasanya mencoba mengurangi perilaku yang tidak wajar dan meningkatkan keterampilan komunikasi dan sosial. Meskipun teori biologis mengenai etiologi ASD jauh lebih banyak dibanding teori psikologis, intervensi psikologis saat ini lebih menjanjikan daripada intervensi biologis. Kerusakan biologis tidak berarti mengesampingkan penanganan psikologis (Davison, Neale, Kring 2002).

Penanganan Behavioral untuk Anak – Anak dengan Gangguan ASD
Menggunakan model dan pengondisian operant, para terapis perilaku mengajari anak-anak dengan gangguan ASD untuk berbicara (Hewett 1965), mengubah bicara ekolakik mereka (Carr, Schreibman & Lovaas 1975), mendorong mereka untuk bermain dengan anak yang lain (Romanczyk dkk 1975), dan membantu merka secara umum menjadi lebih responsive kepada orang dewasa (Davison 1964) dalam Davison, Neale, Kring 2002).
Teori Lovaas salah satu metode intervensi dini yang banyak diterapkan di Indonesia adalah modifikasi perilaku atau lebih dikenal sebagai metode Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA). Kelebihan metode ini dibanding metode lain adalah sifatnya yang sangat terstruktur, kurikulumnya jelas, dan keberhasilannya bisa dinilai secara obyektif.Di Indonesia, secara berkala, YAI mengadakan pelatihan bagi orang tua penyandang ASD agar mereka bisa melakukan terapi sendiri di rumah (Maulana, 2007).
Melalui metode ini, anak dilatih melakukan berbagai macam keterampilan yang berguna bagi hidup bermasyarakat. Misalnya berkomunikasi, berinteraksi, berbicara, berbahasa.

Havin' an autism child means that you you will be special one ....

wei shen me?

yin wei ....

yin wei ....

GOD believe you .... that you're great person!

So, never trapped in sadness ...

Smile and get action!

.....................................................................................

FOR ONE WHOSE SPECIAL STORY IN LIFE ..

KEEP FIGHT AND SMILE !

SINCE ...

GOD BELIEVE YOU ... TO BECOME SPECIAL ONE ....


SELAMAT HARI AUTIS SEDUNIA!
2 APRIL 2010 ...

Mathematics and Mandarin

Mathematics and Mandarin
• Hi…friends...Da Jia Hao,
• Do you often feel sleepy when studying??? I DO!!! Hahaha. Especially in learning mathematics, Oh My GOD…Help me please…I hope the world won’t be end soon…
• How comes I invariably fall asleep while studying mathematics, in fact I’m a mathematics student!!! Don’t ask me why I chose this program did, hehe….It’s secret!!!
• Btw, Could you tell me the strategies to face it? I have try many ways…even I often study by walking around with the book in my hand. Fuh, it’s need of a great struggle!!!
• Are you sleepy reading my writing??? Haha… let me tell you a folktales! Ok! Ckk..cckkkk…ck
• “someday, in the crowded situation, while a girl was trying hard to fight her enemy (sleep) to defense her commitment in study… she coincidently found a red big book one, english-indonesian-mandarin dictionary…Slowly but fimly, she started to open it page by page…and the miracle has came!!! Sleepy feeling was lost…yeah, she has fallin’ in love”.
• Now, she has found a better atmosphere! She found a new intimate friend, those dictionary is often accompany her while she’s studying and being in solitary confinement...
• Keep Fight Girl, though people say that it’s the most difficult language in the world!!! Just enjoy it, use it as ur entertaintment!!!” HoooooHoooooHooooo...U can master it if U think U can!!!
• (yet, thanks God), Slowly but firmly, I know what mathematics actually is!!!
Desember, 6 th 2009, Ahad. 06. 18 p.m, Semarang.

DSM-IV

DSM-IV-TR:
The DSM-IV-TR criteria for autistic disorder are presented
Main features of DSM-IV-TR Diagnostic Criteria for Autistic Disorder
A total of six (or more) items from (1), (2), and (3), with at least two from (1), and one each from (2) and (3).
(1) Qualitative impeirment in social interaction as manifested by at least two of the following :
(a) Marked impairment in the use of multiple non verbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expressions, body postures, and gestures to regulate social interaction’
(b) Failure to develop peer relationship appropiate to developmental level,
(c) A lack of spontanneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people 9 e.g., by lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest)
(d) Lack of social or emotional reciprocity
(2) Qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following :
(a) Delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attem to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mimes),
(b) In individual with adequate speech, marked impairment in ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others,
(c) Stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language,
(d) Lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropiate to developmental level,
(3) Restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests, and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
(a) Encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus,
(b) Apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines of rituals,
(c) Stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g., hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements)
(d) Persistent preoccupation with parts or object.
Taken from Abnormal child Psychology by Eric J.Masih and david a. Wolfe
Bermula dari namrud

nicky wu

My Heart Will Go On
Cast: Nicky Wu, Ada Choi Siu-Fun, Lawrence Ng Kai-Wah, Shiu Bing, Joe Ma Tak-Chung, Yuen Wai-Ho
Do you like watching action film? I still remember clearly about ten years ago when I sat at the sixth of elementary school. A film entitle My Heart Will Go On (1999) starring by Nicky Wu (Leo) whose unique personality. How can I say like that? Wei Shen me? Leo (Wu) is a quite and aimless hitman who’s soulful, yet his spiirit in struggling love make him looked stranger and funny. He has no parents and he grows up as assasin. He wants to quit his job as an assassin. That is why his evil boss and henchman (Ma Tak-Chopung) aim to take him out. Caught in the crossfire is a nice guy cop (michele) BB (Lawrence Ng) who’s due to be married to a florist named Maggie (Ada Choi). Michele attempt to kill Leo, but he his self who ends up dying. Leo takes a mighty fall and after a heart transplant from the dead cop, he's back on his feet. Michael's heart goes on.
Now, the fresh heart brings with it some old memories. The quiet assassin first comes up with Michael's secret computer password and soon recognises Maggie (Michele Fiancee) in the street.Leo fall in love with her at the first sight. Leo's buying flowers from her shop, sharing a drink and quipping Michael's old set phrases. How so much memory is contained in a heart is beyond me but such reasoning has absolutely no place in My Heart Will Go On. By the time Maggie finds out where her man's heart went to and what Leo does for a living, Mr Ishii's goons hit the scene again with guns aplenty...
What a good little film! the enjoyable story unfurls with competent melodrama and bouts of well-shot action. Though the plot stands out on its shameless cheese alone, powerhouse Ada Choi acting and fluffy romance thrown on top makes My Heart Will Go On so much better than that title suggests. Eitttsss...One more, the theme song of this film is very easy listening.
I think that you need to watch this film, though I’m sure that the story is no longer new (usual). Because, we have local film whose story is similiar, not only our local film. But, there are several films from other countries whose story is same. But, one thing that I empashize, this film producted on 1999.So What???????????????

The Facts of mathematics:

The Facts of mathematics:

Friends... what the first impression while you’re hearing the word ‘mathematic”. Is it something amusing? Or something frightening? Do you know what mathematics actually is? Well, Formely I think it was very hard for me...trying to understand what mathematics actually is...Yeah...Definition, theorems, Axiom, etc have made me so dizzy and SLEEPY…Hehe….

As far my journey I begun undersatan that:

· Mathematics is a life, Life is mathematics

· Mathematics is a quiet music, while music is sound of mathematics

· Mathematics comes from the simplest one to the most complex one

· The beautiful of mathemaics is while we find the difficult one

· Learning mathematics won’t success if we do in class only...

Other ones????? Could you give me more????

public speaking

public speaking??? Some people worried talking in front of public...include my own self! He he …

So??? what should we can do if we have stuck ?!!!

Well, somehow we can stuck in many different place on speaking section. For example in the beginning section, perhaps we do not know what to say. In fact, something we must pay attention is that at least we must have to points to supports our arguments. Perhaps, we can follow this step:

1 ^st . Remember (pray) on GOD, for moeslem... do not forget to read “tasmiyah”, right?

2^nd . Start with a piece of smile,

3^rd . Take a strategy,

· When we get into the answering, perhaps we don’t know what we should say, then we can say...”Wow that is a very an interesting question, I’m very happy to answer the question”. It will give you enough time to steal the time and think what U’re actually going to say,

· When we try to connect on point to the next point, and we not sure what to say, we may use transition. Such as...so, in fact, as a matter fact, actually, so on. Those are better than saying emmm....emmm....emmmmm....emmmmmmmm,

· Try to make our self understood by speaking CLEARLY and FLUENTLY. Fuuuhhhhh, I think this is the most difficult point!!! Try to speak CLEARLY and FLUENTLY, I’ve yet to be succeed to break this obstacle!!! Wo Hui!!!!!

· Just try to speak what inn your mind actually is...